Ação antifúngica de extratos de plantas isolados sobre espécies de Candida albicans e Candida não-albicans / Antifungal action of isolated plant extracts on Candida albicans and Candida non-albicans species

As espécies de Candida spp. apresentam-se como o principal patógeno fúngico humano, podendo causar infecções superficiais e invasivas. A emergência de novas espécies em infecções, apresentando alta resistência aos antifúngicos utilizados desafia pesquisadores a propor novas terapias no controle desta infecção, entre as quais podemos citar a fitoterapia realizando o uso de extratos de plantas para propor novos protocolos. Por isto, este trabalho objetiva avaliar a ação antifúngica dos extratos isolados de Quilaia (Quillaja saponaria) e Alcachofra (Cynara scolymus) sobre C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis e C. dubliniensis em formas planctônica e biofilmes monotípicos. Inicialmente foram feitas análises da ação antifúngica dos extratos de Quilaia e Alcachofra por meio do teste de microdiluição em caldo (CLSI ­ Protocolo M27-S4), para determinar as Concentrações Inibitórias Mínimas (CIM) e as Concentrações Fungicidas Mínimas (CFM) de espécies. Os biofilmes foram formados por 48 h em poços de microplacas, os quais receberam tratamentos de concentrações dos extratos (100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL e 6,25 mg/mL), assim como foram testados os grupos controles positivo e negativo, para determinação da viabilidade celular por meio do teste MTT. Os dados foram analisados estatísticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey, com significância de 5%. Os resultados da CIM e CFM para as espécies C. albicans, C. krusei e C. glabrata foram de 12,5mg/mL para ambos os extratos, os valores para C tropicalis foi 12,5 mg/mL para o extrato de Quilaia e 25 mg/mL para Alcachofra, ambos os extratos apresentaram o mesmo valor de 6,25 mg/mL para a espécie C. dubliniensis. A ação antibiofilme do extrato de Quilaia apresentou redução fúngica do biofilme principalmente nas duas maiores concentrações (100 mg/mL e 50 mg/mL) do extrato para ambos os tempos (5 min e 24 h) quando comparados com o grupo controle negativo que não recebeu tratamento, apresentando diferenças estatísticas significativas (p<0.001). A ação antibiofilme do extrato de Alcachofra apresentou reduções dos biofilmes significativas nas cinco concentrações (100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL e 6,25 mg/mL) em ambos os tempos, na maioria das espécies, apresentando diferenças significativas (p<0.001). Diante disso, concluímos que os extratos glicólicos de Q. saponaria e C. scolymus apresentam ação antifúngica em todas as espécies de Candida spp. analisadas, sendo um potencial antifúngico para C. albicans e as espécies C. não-albicans, mas na espécie de C. krusei as reduções de biofilme só ocorrem nas maiores concentrações. Os resultados da ação antibiofilme manteve um padrão de ação, quanto maior a concentração do extrato, maior a redução, isto para ambos os extratos e para a maioria das espécies analisadas (AU)

Candida spp. They are the main human fungal pathogen and can cause superficial and invasive infections. The emergence of new species in infections, presenting high resistance to the antifungals used, challenges researchers to propose new therapies to control this infection, among which we can mention phytotherapy using plant extracts to propose new protocols. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the antifungal action of extracts isolated from Quilaia (Quillaja saponaria) and Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) on C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis in planktonic forms and biofilms monotypic. Initially, analyzes of the antifungal action of Quilaia and Artichoke extracts were carried out using the broth microdilution test (CLSI ­ Protocol M27-S4), to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Fungicide Concentrations (MFCs) of species. Biofilms were formed for 48 h in microplate wells, which received extract concentration treatments (100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL), as well as the positive and negative control groups were tested to determine cell viability using the MTT test. The data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey tests, with a significance of 5%. The MIC and CFM results for the species C. albicans, C. krusei and C. glabrata were 12.5 mg/mL for both extracts, the values for C tropicalis were 12.5 mg/mL for the Quilaia extract and 25 mg/mL for Artichoke, both extracts presented the same value of 6.25 mg/mL for the species C. dubliniensis. The antibiofilm action of the Quilaia extract showed a fungal reduction of the biofilm mainly at the two highest concentrations (100 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL) of the extract for both times (5 min and 24 h) when compared with the negative control group that did not receive treatment, showing significant statistical differences (p<0.001). The antibiofilm action of Artichoke extract showed significant reductions in biofilms at the five concentrations (100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL) at both times, in most species, showing significant differences (p<0.001). Therefore, we conclude that glycolic extracts of Q. saponaria and C. scolymus have antifungal action on all species of Candida spp. analyzed, with antifungal potential for C. albicans and non-albicans C. species, but in the C. krusei species, biofilm reductions only occur at higher concentrations. The results of the antibiofilm action maintained a pattern of action, the higher the concentration of the extract, the greater the reduction, this for both extracts and for the majority of species analyzed(AU)

Alternativas de controle do diabetes / Alternatives for diabetes control / Alternativas para el control de la diabetes

O Diabetes desde a antiguidade tem sido uma das maiores causas de morte entre as populações do globo, e segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde continua assolando nos nossos dias. Apesar das descobertas de tratamentos mais eficazes, a doença vem avançando em progressões assustadoras atualmente, com projeções preocupantes para a saúde pública. Como estratégia de acompanhamento terapêutico, estatístico direcionado a portadores de diabetes, o Governo Federal lançou o programa HIPERDIA (Hipertensos e Diabéticos), que faz o acompanhamento da evolução da doença e das complicações dos pacientes. E neste sentido, também são utilizadas terapêuticas mais acessíveis como as plantas medicinais. O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em realizar uma revisão bibliográfica abordando as opções de terapias de controle do diabetes oferecidas no Sistema Único de Saúde e pesquisar fitoterápicos com potencial hipoglicêmico aprovados pela Anvisa. Através de levantamento bibliográfico, foram identificadas oito espécies vegetais utilizadas pela medicina popular no controle do diabetes, sendo estas: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora e Baccharis Trimera. Essas plantas do programa, embora tenham comprovação de seu efeito hipoglicêmico e redutores dos sintomas diabéticos, pelas suas propriedades antioxidantes e antiinflamatórias, colabora para uma melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.

Since antiquity, Diabetes has been one of the biggest causes of death amon-g populations around the globe, and according to the World Health Organization, it continues to plague our days. Despite discoveries of more effective treatments, the disease is currently advancing in frightening progressions, with worrying projections for public health. As a therapeutic, statistical follow-up strategy aimed at people with diabetes, the Federal Government launched the HIPERDIA (Hypertensive and Diabetic) program, which monitors the evolution of the disease and the complications of patients. And in this sense, more accessible therapies such as medicinal plants are also used. The objective of this research is to carry out a literature review addressing the options for diabetes control therapies offered in the Unified Health System and to search for herbal medicines with hypoglycemic potential approved by Anvisa. Through a bibliographical survey, eight plant species used by folk medicine to control diabetes were identified, namely: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora and Bacharis Trimera. These plants in the program, although they have evidence of their hypoglycemic effect and reduce diabetic symptoms, due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contribute to a better quality of life for patients.

La diabetes ha sido desde la antigüedad una de las principales causas de muerte entre las poblaciones del planeta, y según la Organización Mundial de la Salud sigue haciendo estragos en nuestros días. A pesar de los descubrimientos de tratamientos más eficaces, la enfermedad avanza actualmente con una progresión aterradora, con proyecciones preocupantes para la salud pública. Como estrategia de seguimiento terapéutico, estadísticamente dirigida a las personas con diabetes, el Gobierno Federal puso en marcha el programa HIPERDIA (Hipertensión y Diabetes), que controla la evolución de la enfermedad y las complicaciones de los pacientes. En este sentido, también se utilizan terapias más accesibles, como las plantas medicinales. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar una revisión bibliográfica que aborde las opciones de terapias para el control de la diabetes ofrecidas en el Sistema Único de Salud y buscar fitoterapias con potencial hipoglucemiante aprobadas por Anvisa. Mediante un estudio bibliográfico, se identificaron ocho especies vegetales utilizadas por la medicina popular en el control de la diabetes, a saber: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora y Baccharis Trimera. Estas plantas del programa, aunque han demostrado su efecto hipoglucemiante y reductor de los síntomas diabéticos, por sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias, colaboran a una mejor calidad de vida para los pacientes.

Effects of artichoke leaf extract on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of action of artichoke leaf extract in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Rats were divided into three groups such as sham, control, and artichoke leaf extract groups. Antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were examined from the tissue and serum obtained from the subjects. Histopathological findings were scored semiquantitatively. RESULTS: Statistically, the antioxidant activity was highest in the artichoke leaf extract group, the difference in biochemical parameters and C-reactive protein was significant compared with the control group, and the histopathological positive effects were found to be significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS: As a result, artichoke leaf extract had a hepatoprotective effect and that this effect was related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of artichoke.

Artichoke extracts with potential application in chemoprevention and inflammatory processes

Abstract The aim of this work is to study three cultivars of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus): Gauchito, Guri and Oro Verde in terms of their in vitro chemoprevention and anti-inflammatory properties. These cultivars show good productive performance. The phenolic composition of their fresh leaves and edible bracts was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS), showing mainly caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids. Caffeoylquinic acids were quantified and the highest content was found in Gauchito cultivar. In this cultivar, the content of dicaffeoylquinic acids in fresh bracts was six times higher than that in fresh leaves (10064.5 ± 378.3 mg/kg versus 1451.0 ± 209.3 mg/kg respectively). Luteolin flavonoids were detected in leaves. The extracts from fresh bracts and leaves were assessed in their in vitro bioactivity against human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Inhibition of SH-SY5Y cells proliferation by Gauchito and Guri leaf extracts (8 µg/mL) was higher than 50 %. The leaf extracts of the same cultivars showed an inhibitory effect on human interferon IFN-I, decreasing its activity 50% at 40 µg/mL. Interestingly, the bract extracts did not show in vitro bioactivity at these concentrations, nor did the pure compounds chlorogenic acid, cynarin, apigenin and luteolin (at 2 µg/mL). These results suggest that Gauchito and Guri leaf extracts have potential for human neuroblastoma chemoprevention and treatment of inflammatory processes.

Efficacy of an herbal compound in decreasing steatosis and transaminase activities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial

Abstract Hepatoprotective effects of many herbal agents have been reported in animal studies and clinical trials. In this study, five hepatoprotective plants with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic effects were chosen to prepare a polyherbal compound for managing NAFLD. Sixty patients with NAFLD were randomly divided into treatment and control groups (2:1 ratio). Both group were advised to take healthy diet and exercise. The treatment group also received herbal capsules containing 400 mg of the mixture of Anethum graveolens, Citrus aurantium, Cynara scolymus, Portulaca oleracea, and Silybum marianum (2 capsules, thrice daily, for two months). The liver ultrasound and biochemical markers including the serum lipids, liver enzymes, and glucose were evaluated before starting the study and at the end of the treatment. Thirty patients in the treatment group and sixteen patients in the control group completed the study. The herbal compound significantly decreased the serum level of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and total cholesterol. Treatment with the herbal compound significantly improved the grade of the fatty liver, but no significant change was found in the control group. In conclusion, the formulated herbal compound appeared to be effective in biochemical improvement and decreasing the grade of the fatty liver in the patients with NAFLD.

Study on literature of artichoke and properties of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

In this article, the foreign and domestic literature on alien plant medicine Cynara scolymus was reviewed to explore its properties and functions in traditional Chinese medicine theory, and provide theoretical basis for clinical application and reasonable compatibility. Based on the literature databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Sinomed, the articles with high reliability related to C. scolymus were screened out and the obtained articles were systematically classified according to clinical application, chemical compositions, pharmacological action, toxic and side effects, etc. In the analysis with traditional Chinese medicine theory, it is concluded that: C. scolymus tastes bitter and slightly cold, attributing to spleen, stomach, liver and gall meridians. It has the functions of eliminating accumulation and guiding stagnation, regulating Qi-flowing for harmonizing stomach, clearing away dampness and heat, resolving turbidity and lowering blood lipids. It can be used for the treatment of dyspepsia, diet reduction, vomiting, nausea, abdominal distention, hypochondriac pain, jaundice, hyperlipidemia, etc. Through the analysis and research of the relevant literature on C. scolymus, the properties and functions of the drug were clarified, which could provide a theoretical basis for further animal experiments and clinical research. The research model of "traditional Chinese medicine theory" for alien plant medicines can provide reference for the introduction and research of botanical drugs around the world, which can greatly enrich Chinese medicine resources and is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine.

A utilização de fitoterápicos no tratamento da obesidade / Phytoterapic medicines for obesity treatment

A obesidade é considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública no mundo. É um fator que predispõe outras enfermidades e está relacionada ao aumento da taxa de morbidade e mortalidade. Para o tratamento da obesidade são empregados vários métodos, dentre eles o uso da fitoterapia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as evidências científicas sobre a utilização do Phaseolus vulgaris, Cynara scolymus e Camelia sinensis no tratamento da obesidade. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, desenvolvida por meio de levantamento bibliográfico de artigos científicos que relacionavam os fitoterápicos com a obesidade, e publicados nos últimos 10 anos. Foi possível observar que estes fitoterápicos podem ser alternativas para tratamento da obesidade. O Phaseolus vulgaris parece proporcionar importante redução de peso devido à redução da absorção dos carboidratos. A Cynara scolymus possui frutooligossacarideos e a inulina, que alteram o trânsito intestinal e ocasionam uma rápida eliminação do bolo fecal, e, consequentemente, reduz a absorção dos lipídeos que, em excesso, contribuem para a obesidade. A Camelia sinensis aumenta a termogênese e a oxidação lipídica, o que promove gasto energético e o emagrecimento. O tratamento da obesidade pode abranger diferentes alternativas terapêuticas, ressaltando sempre a importância da utilização de fitoterápicos indicados apenas por profissionais habilitados, a fim de se alcançar resultados desejáveis e evitar efeitos adversos

Obesity is considered one of the biggest public health problems in the world. It is a factor that predisposes other diseases and it is related to the increase of the rate of morbidity and mortality. Several methods are employed to treat obesity, among them the use of herbal medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the scientific evidence on the use of Phaseolus vulgaris, Cynara scolymus and Camelia sinensis in the treatment of obesity. This is a narrative review of the literature, developed through a bibliographical survey of scientific articles that related phytotherapeutics to obesity, and published in the last 10 years. It was possible to observe that these phytotherapics may be alternatives for the treatment of obesity. Phaseolus vulgaris appears to provide significant weight reduction due to reduced absorption of carbohydrates. Cynara scolymus has fructooligosaccharides and inulin, which alter intestinal transit and cause a rapid elimination of faecal cake, and consequently reduces the absorption of lipids that in excess contribute to obesity. Camelia sinensis increases thermogenesis and lipid oxidation, which promotes energy expenditure and weight loss. The treatment of obesity can cover different therapeutic alternatives, always emphasizing the importance of the use of phytotherapics indicated only by qualified professionals, in order to achieve desirable results and avoid adverse effects

TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism modulates the effect of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial / 中西医结合学报

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2)-rs7903146 polymorphism is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The response of insulin and insulin resistance to artichoke leaf extract (ALE) may be affected by TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism.</p><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study examined the effects of ALE supplementation on metabolic parameters of the TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS).</p><p><b>DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS</b>This double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 80 patients with MetS in Sina Clinic, Khoy, Iran. The patients were randomized into ALE or placebo groups to receive either ALE (1800 mg/d as four tablets) or matching placebo for 12 weeks.</p><p><b>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES</b>Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, glucose and lipid profile levels were measured before and after the study. Moreover, patients were genotyped for TCF7L2 polymorphism.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ALE supplementation decreased insulin level and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in patients with the TT genotype of TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism (P < 0.05). There was no significant interaction between blood pressure, glucose and lipid profile response to ALE supplementation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The responses of insulin and HOMA-IR to ALE supplementation have shown an interaction with single-nucleotide polymorphism rs7903146 in TCF7L2.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION</b>Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial IRCT201409033320N9.</p>

Atividade anti-inflamatória e citotoxicidade dos extratos glicólicos de Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (alcachofra), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira-do-sertão) e de Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (chá verde) / Anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of glycolic extracts of Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (artichoke), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (pepper tree) and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea)

A baixa citotoxicidade e ação anti-inflamatória são características interessantes para enxaguatórios bucais, dentifrícios e medicamentos de uso odontológico. Sendo assim, é necessário avaliar estas propriedades nos extratos glicólicos vegetais que podem ser ingredientes das formulações desses produtos. O presente estudo avaliou as seguintes atividades biológicas para cada um dos extratos glicólicos de Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (alcachofra), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira-do-sertão) e Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze(chá verde) em culturas de macrófagos de camundongo (RAW 264.7) pelo tempo de exposição de 5 min e 24 h: a) atividade citotóxica pelo método do MTT em 11 diluições seriadas, sendo que a concentração inicial dos extratos foi de 200mg/mL. b) atividade anti-inflamatória, após estímulo com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli pelo método ELISA quantificou IL-1β, TNF-α e IL-10. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA e teste de Tukey, com p ≤ 5%. Acitotoxicidade dos extratos foi dose e tempo dependentes. No tempo de exposição de 5 min, o extrato de alcachofra apresentou citotoxicidade na concentração de 200 mg/mL. No tempo de exposição de 24 h, o chá verde apresentou citotoxicidade nas concentrações ≥ 50 mg/mL, aroeirado-sertão A baixa citotoxicidade e ação anti-inflamatória são características interessantes para enxaguatórios bucais, dentifrícios e medicamentos de uso odontológico. Sendo assim, é necessário avaliar estas propriedades nos extratos glicólicos vegetais que podem ser ingredientes das formulações desses produtos. O presente estudo avaliou as seguintes atividades biológicas para cada um dos extratos glicólicos de Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (alcachofra), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira-do-sertão) e Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze(chá verde) em culturas de macrófagos de camundongo (RAW 264.7) pelo tempo de exposição de 5 min e 24 h: a) atividade citotóxica pelo ...

he low cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory action are interesting featuresfor mouthwashes, toothpastes and dental medication. Therefore, it isnecessary to evaluate these properties in plant glycolic extracts which canbe ingredients of the formulation of these products. This study evaluatedthe following biological activities for each of the glycolic extracts of Cynaracardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (artichoke), Myracrodruon urundeuvaAllemão (pepper tree) and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea) inmouse macrophage cultures (RAW 264.7) by the exposure time of 5 minand 24 h. a) cytotoxicity by MTT method in 11 serial dilutions, the initialconcentration of the extracts was 200 mg/mL. b) Anti-inflammatory activityafter stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli wasperformed by immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) using specific antibodies toquantify IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10. The results were subordinated tostatistical analyses (ANOVA and Turkey test), with p ≤ 0,05. Thecytotoxicity of the extracts was dependent on dose and time. At 5 minexposure time, artichoke extract showed cytotoxicity at a concentration of200 mg/mL. At 24 h exposure time, green tea showed cytotoxicity at theconcentrations ≥ 50 mg/mL, pepper tree stimulated the proliferation ofmacrophages in the concentrations of 0,39mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL andartichoke showed cytotoxicity at the concentrations ≥ 12.5 mg/mL. Greentea extract showed anti- inflammatory potential at a concentration of 12.5mg/mL and was dependent on dose, promoting a decrease production ofpro-inflammatory cytokines as IL-1β and TNF-α. Pepper tree presentedimmunopotentiating action at a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL at 24 h ofexposure time. Regarding artichoke, there is a need for further studies toidentify their immunomodulatory action

Atividade anti-inflamatória e citotoxicidade dos extratos glicólicos de Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (alcachofra), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira-do-sertão) e de Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (chá verde) / Anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of glycolic extracts of Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (artichoke), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (pepper tree) and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea)

A baixa citotoxicidade e ação anti-inflamatória são características interessantes para enxaguatórios bucais, dentifrícios e medicamentos de uso odontológico. Sendo assim, é necessário avaliar estas propriedades nos extratos glicólicos vegetais que podem ser ingredientes das formulações desses produtos. O presente estudo avaliou as seguintes atividades biológicas para cada um dos extratos glicólicos de Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (alcachofra), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira-do-sertão) e Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (chá verde) em culturas de macrófagos de camundongo (RAW 264.7) pelo tempo de exposição de 5 min e 24 h: a) atividade citotóxica pelo método do MTT em 11 diluições seriadas, sendo que a concentração inicial dos extratos foi de 200mg/mL. b) atividade anti-inflamatória, após estímulo com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli pelo método ELISA quantificou IL-1, TNF- e IL-10. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA e teste de Tukey, com p 5%. A citotoxicidade dos extratos foi dose e tempo dependentes. No tempo de exposição de 5 min, o extrato de alcachofra apresentou citotoxicidade na concentração de 200 mg/mL. No tempo de exposição de 24 h, o chá verde apresentou citotoxicidade nas concentrações 50 mg/mL, aroeirado- sertão estimulou a proliferação de macrófagos na concentração de 0,39 mg/mL a 12,5 mg/mL e a alcachofra apresentou citotoxicidade nas concentrações 12,5 mg/mL. O extrato de chá verde apresentou potencial anti-inflamatório na concentração de 12,5 mg/mL e foi dose dependente, promovendo diminuição da produção de citocinas próinflamatória, como IL-1ß e TNF-. A aroeira-do-sertão apresentou ação imunopotenciadora na concentração de 12,5 mg/mL no tempo de exposição de 24 h. Com relação a alcachofra há necessidade de novos estudos para identificar sua ação imunomoduladora(AU)

The low cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory action are interesting features for mouthwashes, toothpastes and dental medication. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate these properties in plant glycolic extracts which can be ingredients of the formulation of these products. This study evaluated the following biological activities for each of the glycolic extracts of Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (artichoke), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (pepper tree) and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea) in mouse macrophage cultures (RAW 264.7) by the exposure time of 5 min and 24 h. a) cytotoxicity by MTT method in 11 serial dilutions, the initial concentration of the extracts was 200 mg/mL. b) Anti-inflammatory activity after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli was performed by immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) using specific antibodies to quantify IL-1, TNF- and IL-10. The results were subordinated to statistical analyses (ANOVA and Turkey test), with p 0,05. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was dependent on dose and time. At 5 min exposure time, artichoke extract showed cytotoxicity at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. At 24 h exposure time, green tea showed cytotoxicity at the concentrations 50 mg/mL, pepper tree stimulated the proliferation of macrophages in the concentrations of 0,39mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and artichoke showed cytotoxicity at the concentrations 12.5 mg/mL. Green tea extract showed anti- inflammatory potential at a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL and was dependent on dose, promoting a decrease production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as IL-1 and TNF-. Pepper tree presented immunopotentiating action at a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL at 24 h of exposure time. Regarding artichoke, there is a need for further studies to identify their immunomodulatory action(AU)

Calidad de hierbas medicinales por recolección directa / Quality of medicinal herbs by direct collection

La detección de insectos y el mal aspecto en las hierbas medicinales que se comercializan en la herboristería resulta una problemática cotidiana. Con el objetivo de contribuir con la mejora de la calidad final de estas hierbas, se colectaron a campo cuatro drogas vegetales de amplia utilización en la medicina tradicional. Se comparó su calidad con la de las provenientes de un acopiador y se realizó un minucioso examen para la detección e identificación de insectos, sus rastros o vestigios. Posteriormente, se ensayaron algunos métodos físicos para evitar la afectación de las hierbas por parte de esos insectos. Las características de calidad final de las hierbas provenientes de recolección propia resultaron superiores a las provenientes de un acopiador. Desde el punto de vista entomológico, se identificaron las principales especies contaminantes y se encontraron los mejores métodos y condiciones para evitar su proliferación.

Quality Characteristics and Optimization of Rice Muffin Containing Chinese Artichoke (Stachys sieboldii MIQ) Powder Using Response Surface Methodology

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal composite recipe of rice muffin using three different amounts of Chinese artichoke (Stachys sieboldii MIQ) powder, brown sugar, and egg. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to obtain 16 experimental points (including three replicates of Chinese artichoke powder, brown sugar, and egg), and the Chinese artichoke rice muffin formulation was optimized using rheology. The results of the sensory evaluation showed very significant values for color, texture, sweetness, and overall quality (P<0.05). The results of the color, texture, and chemical analyses showed significant values for crumb redness (P<0.01), crumb yellowness (P<0.05), crust redness (P<0.05), crust yellowness (P<0.001), crust lightness (P<0.05), adhesiveness (P<0.01), springiness (P<0.001), gumminess (P<0.01), cohesiveness (P<0.05), moisture content (P<0.05), and sweetness (P<0.05). As a result, optimum formulations obtained by numerical and graphical methods were found to be 8.28 g of Chinese artichoke powder, 66.20 g of brown sugar, 111.72 g of sticky rice powder, 30 g of rice powder, and 59.37 g of egg.

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de cápsulas e chás de plantas utilizadas na assistência ao tratamento da obesidade / Microbiological quality evaluation of herbal capsules and teas to assist the treatment of obesity

O uso de plantas diuréticas e laxativas é uma alternativa medicamentosa para muitas pessoas que objetivam o emagrecimento com menores efeitos adversos. A avaliação microbiológica é um requisito essencial para a garantia de qualidade dos produtos. A finalidade deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de cápsulas e chás de alcachofra (Cynara scolymus L.), centella asiática (Hydrocotile asiatica L.), fucus (Fucus vesiculosus L.), e sene (Cassia acutifolia Delile), através da contagem de micro-organismos viáveis totais e pesquisa de patógenos. Na contagem de micro-organismos viáveis, os chás analisados foram aprovados, pois apesar de apresentarem uma carga microbiana elevada, esta se encontrava dentro das especificações, entretanto, 16,66% e 66,66% das cápsulas analisadas foram reprovadas por apresentaram quantidades superiores de bactérias e fungos, respectivamente. Na pesquisa de patógenos, 76% das amostras (88% dos chás e 58% das cápsulas) apresentaram um ou mais de um tipo de micro-organismo. Salmonella sp. esteve presente em 33% das amostras evidenciando a qualidade microbiológica insatisfatória dos produtos encontrados no mercado. Estes resultados demonstram a necessidade da realização do controle de qualidade tanto das matérias-primas vegetais, quanto dos produtos acabados, através do controle e fiscalização rigorosa, com adoção de medidas regulamentadoras e educativas.

The use of laxative and diuretic herbal drugs is an alternative therapy for many people looking for loosing weight with fewer side effects. The microbiological evaluation is an essential requirement for the quality assurance of products. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial quality of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), centella (Hydrocotile asiatica L.), fucus (Fucus vesiculosus L.), and Senna (Cassia acutifolia Delile) capsules and teas, by counting the total viable aerobic microorganisms and through tests for specified microorganisms. On the total viable aerobic microorganisms count, the teas analyzed were approved, because although they had a high microbial load, this was in accordance with the specifications, however 16.66% and 66.66% of the capsules analyzed were rejected because they presented higher amounts of bacteria and fungi, respectively. In relation to the tests for specified microorganisms, 76% of the samples (88% of the teas and 58% of the capsules) presented one or more than one type of microorganisms. Salmonella sp. was present in 33% of the samples, showing the unsatisfactory microbial quality of the products in the market. These results demonstrate the necessity of performing quality control both on herbal raw material and finished products, through a rigorous control and inspection, adopting regulatory and educational measures.

Alcachofra / Artichoke

Introdução: A alcachofra é uma planta utilizada na culinária e dita com diversas propriedades medicinais.Objetivo: Verificar evidências do uso da alcachofra no tratamento de doenças.Métodos: Busca sistematizada da literatura por meio eletrônico, incluindo estudos que avaliem o uso da alcachofra namedicina.Resultados: Uma revisão sistemática mostrou resultados favoráveis a alcachofra na redução do colesterol total[intervalo de confiança (IC) de 0,40 a 0,79] e do LDL-colesterol (IC de 0,34 a 0,78). Dois ensaios clínicos randomizadoschegaram à mesma conclusão. Um estudo clínico mostrou benefício do uso da alcachofra em pacientes com síndromedo intestino irritável e outro mostrou que ela pode ser útil nas dispepsias funcionais. Um ensaio clínico constatou oaumento da atividade antioxidante total em remadores submetidos ao estresse físico e suplementados com alcachofra.Em todos os estudos não há ocorrência de efeitos adversos.Conclusão: Os estudos encontrados mostram evidências de uma ação benéfica da alcachofra nas hiperliproteinemias e nadispepsia funcional. Como sua eficácia é dose-dependente, não se pode depender apenas da ingestão de alcachofra por meioda alimentação. Os dislipidêmicos e dispépticos funcionais terão que se utilizar dos extratos vendidos comercialmente.

Quase metade dos pacientes com depressão grave tem recidivas num período de seis anos / Almost half of patients with severe depression have relapses over a period of six years

Dentre os pacientes que apresentam episódios de transtornodepressivo maior, os que são fumantes, os que sentem não tercontrole sobre as circunstâncias da vida e os que têm uma históriaanterior de depressão têm probabilidade maior de teremrecidiva em seis anos.

Effect of cynara scolymus L. [artichoke] extraction on hyperlipidemic induced by gamma radiation in male rats

Excessive free radicals are caused by unnatural environmental influences such as air pollution, radiation, cigarette smoke, factories, pesticides, food contaminants and a myriad of other factor that are part of our modern life. Hypercholesterolaemia is directly associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease [CHD]. Cynara scolymus L. [Artichoke] grows in Egypt and other countries. It is used as foods and has medicinal properties. Artichoke extracts have been shown to produce various pharmacological effects, such as the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and low density lipoprotein [LDL] oxidation. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidative activities and radioprotector role of cynara scolymus L. [artichoke] against hyperlipidemic induced by gamma- irradiation in male rats. Male Swiss albino rats were orally administrated by artichoke [head or leaves] [10% mg/rat/day] using suitable stomach tube [6weeks, 45 days] before exposure to a single dose [6.5 Gy] of whole body gamma radiation. Levels of lipids peroxides [MDA], reduced glutathione content [GSH], superoxide dismutase [SOD], total cholesterol [TC], triacylglycerol [TG], high density lipoprotein [HDL-C] and low density lipoprotein [LDL-C] were investigated in serum. The results revealed that gamma radiation led to significant increase in MDA, TC, TG and LDL, Meanwhile, significant decrease in GSH and SOD, but groups administrated with Artichoke [head and leaf] before whole body gamma irradiation, artichoke exerted noticeable amelioration against the radiation induced changes in most of the biochemical tested parameters

In vitro investigations of Cynara scolymus L. extract on cell physiology of HepG2 liver cells / Investigações in vitro de extrato de Cynara scolymus L. na fisiologia das células do fígado HepG2

The objective of this study was the investigation of a potential influence of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on the cell physiology and gene expression of phase I/II enzymes of human liver cells HepG2 and investigation on potential cell protective effects against ethanol-induced cell toxicity against HepG2 cells. Cell biological assays under in vitro conditions using HepG2 liver cells and investigation of mitochondrial activity (MTT test), proliferation assay (BrdU incorporation ELISA), LDH as toxicity marker, gene expression analysis by RT-PCR and enzyme activity of glutationtransferase. Artichocke extract, containing 27 percent caffeoylquinic acids and 7 percent flavonoids induced mitochondrial activity, proliferation and total protein content under in vitro conditions in human liver cells HepG2. These effects could not be correlated to the well-known artichoke secondary compounds cynarin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. The flavones luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside had inhibitory effects at 100 µg/mL level on HepG2 cells, with luteolin being a significant stronger inhibitor compared to the respective glucoside. Artichoke leaf extract had minor stimulating effect on gene expression of CYP1A2, while CYP3A4, GGT, GPX2, GSR and GST were slightly inhibited. GST inhibition under in vitro conditions was also shown by quantification of GST enzyme activity. Induction of gene expression of CYP1A2 was shown to be supraadditive after simultaneous application of ethanol plus artichoke extract. Artichoke leaf extract exhibited cell protective effects against ethanol-induced toxicity within cotreatment under in vitro conditions. Also H2O2 damage was significantly inhibited by simultaneous artichoke incubation. Pre- and posttreatments did not exert protective effects. DMSO-induced toxicity was significantly reduced by pre-, post- and cotreatment with artichoke extract and especially with luteolin-7-O-glucoside...

O objetivo deste estudo foi a investigação de uma potente influência do extrato das folhas da alcachofra (ALE) na fisiologia celular e na expressão gênica de enzimas de fase I/II de células hepáticas humanas HepG2 e investigação no potencial efeito protetor celular em células HepG2 contra toxicidade celular induzida por etanol. Ensaios biológicos de células em condições in vitro usando células de fígado HepG2 e investigação da atividade mitocondrial (teste MTT), ensaio de proliferação, LDH como marcador de toxicidade, análise de expressão gênica por RT-PCR e atividade da enzima glutationa transferase. O extrato da alcachofra, contendo 27 por cento de ácidos cafeoilquínico e 7 por cento de flavonóides, induzem a atividade mitocondrial, proliferação e o teor de proteína total em condições in vitro em células hepáticas humanas HepG2. Estes efeitos não podem ser correlacionados aos compostos secundários conhecidos da alcachofra, cinarina, ácido cafeico, ácido clorogênico, luteolina e luteolin-7-O-glicosídeo. As flavonas luteolina e luteolin-7-O-glicosídeo possuem efeitos inibitórios em nível de 100 µg/mL em células HepG2, com a luteonina sendo uma inibidora significativamente mais forte comparada com o respectivo glicosídeo. O extrato das folhas de alcachofra possui um efeito mínimo da estimulação na expressão gênica de CYP1A2, enquanto CYP3A4, GGT, GPX2, GSR e GST foram sutilmente inibidos. A inibição de GST em condições in vitro também foi mostrada pela quantificação da atividade da enzima GST. Indução da expressão gênica de CYP1A2 mostrou-se supraaditiva após aplicação simultânea do etanol mais o extrato de alcachofra. O extrato das folhas de alcachofra exibiu efeitos protetores celulares frente à toxicidade induzida por etanol em co-tratamento em condições in vitro. Além disso, danos por H2O2 foram significativamente inibidos pela incubação simultânea do extrato de alcachofra. Pré e pós-tratamento não exerceram efeitos protetores. Toxicidade...

Biological studies on the protective role of artichoke and green pepper against potential toxic effect of thermally oxidized oil in mice

The present investigation was designed to evaluate oocyte competence including quality, meiotic progression and expression of ERK2 gene and activities of liver enzymes [ALT, AST and gamma-GT] in female mice fed diets containing sunflower oil repeatedly used in frying processes [FO]. The protective role of artichoke and green pepper against such potential dangers were also studied. Results revealed that mice fed FO diet had a significant decrease in number of good collected oocytes compared with those fed normal oil [NO] diet. Mice fed FO diet and artichoke extract at two levels, 0.5% [FO-A1] and 1% [FO-A2] as drinking water or FO diet plus dried ground green pepper at two levels, 5% [FO-G1] and 10% [FO-G2] had a significant increase in number of good collected oocytes compared with those fed FO diet. Animals fed FO-A1 or FO-G1 diets had the highest percentage of good oocytes. A statistically significant increase in the percentages of mature oocytes occurred in mice fed FO-A1, FO-A2, and FO-G1 diets as compared to those fed FO diet. The animals fed FO-G2 diet had a non-significant increase of percentages of mature oocytes than the animals fed FO diet. The expression of ERK2 gene was high in ovary tissues collected from female mice fed NO, FO, FO-A1, or FO-G1 diets. However, the ERK2 gene expression was low in mice fed FO-A2 or FO-G2 diets. Biochemical assay showed that mice fed FO diet had significant decrease in AST and ALT activities. A significant increase in enzyme activity of gamma- GT compared with those fed NO diet was also observed. A statistically significant increase in activities of AST and ALT enzymes was observed in mice fed FO-A2, FO-G1 and FO-G2 diets. However, mice fed FO-A1, FO-A2, FO-G1 and FO-G2 diets had significant decrease in the activity of gamma-GT enzyme compared with those fed FO diet. The present study demonstrated evidence that prolonged intake of diets containing sunflower oil repeatedly used in frying processes could be considered a cause of induced abnormalities in reproductive materials and liver enzymes activities of female mice. However, artichoke and green pepper proved to be suitable protectors against hazards of such toxic materials

Effect of cynara scolymus L. [Artichoke] and its extract on liver cirrhosis of male rats

Cynara scolynius L. [Artichoke] grows in Egypt and other countries. Its green leaves and head are edible parts and used as foods due to their high nutritive value and medical properties. To study the effect of Cynara scolymus L. [balady artichoke] and its extract on liver cirrhosis of male rats. Sixty-four male albino rats, Sprague Dawley strain, weighing [200 +/- 10g] were housed in well-aerated wire cages. Induction of cirrhosis was carried out on rats except negative control group by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride [CCI[4]] that is diluted by paraffin oil [1:1] in a dose of 2ml/kg of body weight of rat twice in the week during the experimental feeding period. The rats [64] were divided into 8 groups [8 rats each], the first 1[st] and 2[nd] groups as control positive and negative groups [each 8 rats], the second main group [48 rat] was divided into six subgroups as follow: the 1[st] and 2[nd] subgroup fed on basal diet supplemented with powdered artichoke leaves in a dose of 15% and 30% respectively; the 3[rd] and 4[th] subgroups fed on basal diet supplemented with powdered artichoke heads in a dose of 15% and 30% respectively; the 5[th] and 6[th] subgroups fed on basal diet supplemented with artichoke extract in a dose of 3% and 6% respectively. At the end of the experimental period [two months] rats were fasted over night before sacrificing, blood was collected, centrifuged; serum was stored at-20°C until analysis. Total protein, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], Creatinine, urea and uric acid were estimated in serum. The results revealed that induction of cirrhosis results in significant decrease in serum level of total protein and a significant increase in AST. ALT, urea, creatinine and uric acid. The inclusion of leaves, heads and extracts of artichoke in the diet of cirrhotic rats lead to significant decrease of the significant increased level of AST, ALT, urea. creatinine, sometimes it might reached the normal level but for uric acid it has no decreasing effect on it, it continue to rise [>3 times]. For protein it increased the already decreased level. Carbon tetrachloride has direct toxic effect, which is clear by the presence of severe biochemical abnormalities in liver and kidney function. The natural antioxidant from artichoke improves these abnormalities